$100 Bounty: Help me get my dev environment working

Just a note, you for quick & dirty solutions, you can certainly enable nix-ld (with the appropriates libraries), see e.g my tutorial here Different methods to run a non-nixos executable on Nixos - Unix & Linux Stack Exchange for a list I find helpful. This way you can mostly develop like on any OS, but you lose the portability guarantee since you do not create a nix derivation.