I don’t know by what magic mesa.drivers work (given they’re not from config.kernelPackages), but your system is “on glibc 2.38”:
❯ nix eval github:NixOS/nixpkgs/0cbe9f69c234a7700596e943bfae7ef27a31b735#glibc.version
"2.38"
…and mesa.drivers do use it:
❯ nix build github:NixOS/nixpkgs/0cbe9f69c234a7700596e943bfae7ef27a31b735#mesa.drivers
❯ ldd result-drivers/lib/libvulkan_intel.so
...
libc.so.6 => /nix/store/gqghjch4p1s69sv4mcjksb2kb65rwqjy-glibc-2.38-23/lib/libc.so.6 (0x00007f7f68018000)
...
What likely happens is that your vulkaninfo doesn’t actually come from 0cbe9f69c234a7700596e943bfae7ef27a31b735 and loads an older libc into the process, before libvulkan*.so can load theirs