You will probably want to look into poetry2nix for setting up local environments
glibc is exported by default, but libstdc++.so is part of gcc’s lib, and not usually present.
A few possible solutions:
nix-shell -p steam-run --command "steam-run bash" is a quick and dirty way to get an FHS.
poetry2nix is probably a better solution that you’re looking for.
Nixpkgs has it own python packages as well:
$ nix-shell --pure -p python3Packages.pandas
$ python
Python 3.8.3 (default, May 13 2020, 19:59:26)
[GCC 9.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import pandas
>>>