Overriding squirrel-sql source not working for me

Yes, because the original expression uses rec, and yours does not.
See https://nix.dev/manual/nix/2.24/language/syntax#recursive-sets

You will have to override unpackPhase as well, because they use rec instead of the finalAttrs pattern. See https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#mkderivation-recursive-attributes for more context.