For me now too, the problem was that I had set some security settings which interfered with Docker.
Specifically, it was one of these settings:
security.lockKernelModules = true;
security.protectKernelImage = true;
security.forcePageTableIsolation = true;
# This is required by podman to run containers in rootless mode.
security.unprivilegedUsernsClone = config.virtualisation.containers.enable;
security.apparmor.enable = true;
boot.blacklistedKernelModules = [
# Obscure network protocols
"ax25"
"netrom"
"rose"
# Old or rare or insufficiently audited filesystems
"adfs"
"affs"
"bfs"
"befs"
"cramfs"
"efs"
"erofs"
"exofs"
"freevxfs"
"f2fs"
"hfs"
"hpfs"
"jfs"
"minix"
"nilfs2"
"qnx4"
"qnx6"
"sysv"
"ufs"
]