The short answer is: No it is no possible without making a new derivation
The longer answer is that since making new derivations that slightly alter or fix existing derivations is so common derivations usually have extension points that make doing this slightly less painful.
As an example if you are using NixOS you can add your missing library to the system installed appimage-run
with this snippet:
environment.systemPackages = with pkgs; [
(appimage-run.override {
extraPkgs = pkgs: [ pkgs.xorg.libxshmfence ];
})
];